Equivalent Weights and Measurements

Measurement
Equal to...
Dry Weight Measurements
Equal to...
Liquid Measurements
4 Tablespoons
=
1/4 Cup
=
2 Fluid Ounces
8 Tablespoons
=
1/2 Cup
=
4 Fluid Ounces
12 Tablespoons
=
3/4 Cup
=
6 Fluid Ounces
16 Tablespoons
=
1 Cup
=
8 Fluid Ounces
2 Cups
=
1 Pint
=
16 Fluid Ounces
4 Cups
=
2 Pints or 1 Quart
=
32 Fluid Ounces
16 Cups
=
4 Quarts or 1 Gallon
=
128 Fluid Ounces

Cooking Terms

Braise
To brown meat in a small amount of fat, then cook slowly in a covered container with a small amount of liquid.
Cream

To stir or mix ingredients until they are soft and creamy.

Marinate
To allow food to stand in an oil and acid mixture to add flavor or tenderize.
Poach

To cook food by slipping it into a hot liquid.

Sauté
To cook in a small amount of fat.
Simmer
To cook in liquid below the boiling point. A liquid is simmering when bubbles form slowly and break just below the surface.
Stir Fry
To cook and stir small pieces of food quickly in a small amount of oil until just tender. 

 

An image of five measuring spoons.

Abbreviations

C = cup

t/tsp. = teaspoon

T/Tbsp./Tbs. = tablespoon

oz. = ounces

lb = pound

Substitutions

What to use if you are missing an ingredient

Ingredient
Amount
Substitution
Baking powder
1 teaspoon
1/4 teaspoon baking soda + 1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar
Bread crumbs, dry
1/4 cup
1/4 cup cracker crumbs or cornmeal or 1 slice toasted bread, cubed or 2/3 cup quick cooking oats
Brown sugar
1/2 cup
1/2 cup white sugar + 2 Tablespoons molasses
Chocolate, unsweetened
1 ounce/1 square
3 Tablespoons cocoa + 1 Tablespoon butter
Cornstarch
1 Tablespoon
2 Tablespoons flour
Buttermilk
1 cup
1 Tablespoon vinegar or lemon juice + enough milk to equal 1 cup. Let stand for 10-15 minutes.
Pumpkin pie spice
1 teaspoon
1/2 teaspoon cinnamon + 1/2 teaspoon ginger + 1/8 teaspoon ground allspice + 1/8 teaspoon nutmeg
Sour cream
1 cup
1 cup plain yogurt or 1 cup cottage cheese mixed in blender with 2 Tablespoons milk + 1 tablespoon lemon juice

For a healthier option

Ingredient
Substitution
White Flour
Whole wheat flour
Iceberg Lettuce
Romaine, spinach, or other leafy greens
Fruit Canned in Syrup
Frozen or fresh fruit, or fruit canned in water or 100% juice
White Rice
Brown rice
Regular Pasta
Whole wheat pasta
Flour Tortillas
Corn tortillas or whole wheat tortillas
Canned Beans
Beans cooked from dried beans 
Ground Beef
Ground turkey
Flavored Yogurt
Plain yogurt with fresh or frozen fruit added